Greater Sage-grouse aka Sage-grouse
Grouse
The Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) or Greater Sage-grouse, is the largest grouse in North America.
The Gunnison Sage-grouse was recently recognized as a separate species, and the Mono Basin population usually considered to belong to the Sage-grouse may also be distinct.
Distribution / Range
Its range is sagebrush country in the western United States and southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada.
Description
Adults have a long, pointed tail and legs with feathers to the toes.
Adult males have a yellow patch over the eye, are greyish on top with a white breast, a dark brown throat and a black belly; two yellowish sacs on the neck are inflated during courtship display (please refer to below photo).
Adult females are mottled grey-brown with a light brown throat and dark belly.
Ecology
This species is a permanent resident. Some move short distances to lower elevations for winter. These birds forage on the ground. They mainly eat sagebrush, also insects and other plants. They are not able to digest hard seeds like other grouse. They nest on the ground under sagebrush or grass patches.
Sage-grouse are notable for their elaborate courtship rituals. Each spring males congregate on leks and perform a "strutting display". Groups of females observe these displays and select the most attractive males to mate with. Only a few males do most of the breeding. Males perform on leks for several hours in the early morning and evening during the spring months. Leks are generally open areas adjacent to dense sagebrush stands, and the same lek may be used by grouse for decades.
Status
The numbers of this species are declining due to loss of habitat; their range has shrunk in historical times, having been extirpated from British Columbia, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Arizona and New Mexico. Though the Sage-grouse as a whole is not considered endangered by the IUCN, local populations may well be so. This species have been petitoned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. However, the US Fish & Wildlife Service, for political reasons, has refused to list them. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Centrocercus urophasianus phaios, formerly found in British Columbia, as being extirpated in Canada.
The Sage-grouse is probably quite vulnerable to the change towards more humid climate caused by global warming, which would reduce the semiarid sagebrush habitat. Subfossil bones e.g. from Conkling Cave and Shelter Cave of southern New Mexico prove that the species was present south of its current range at the end of the last ice age.
References
- BirdLife International (2004). Centrocercus urophasianus. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007. Retrieved on 09 November 2007.
- Connelly, John W.; Knick, Steven T.; Schroeder, Michael A. & Stiver, San J. (2004): Conservation Assessment of Greater Sage-grouse and Sagebrush Habitats. Unpublished Report, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Cheyenne, Wyoming. PDf fulltext
- Environment Canada (2006): Species at Risk - Greater Sage-Grouse phaios subspecies. Version of 2006-MAY-08. Retrieved 2007-NOV-09.
- Howard, Hildegarde (1933): Bird remains from cave deposits in New Mexico. Condor 35(1): 15-18. PDF fulltext DjVu fulltext
- Young, Jessica R.; Braun, Clait E.; Oyler-McCance, Sara J.; Hupp Jerry W. & Quinn, Tom W. (2000): A new species of sage-grouse (Phasianidae: Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 112(4): 445-453. DOI:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0445:ANSOSG]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- Western Watersheds Project v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Summary Judgement PDF fulltext
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